Question 1
50 out of 50 points
| Write an essay consisting of at least 500 words addressing all of the following topics (a through e): a. Why is the pesticide aldrin no longer used? b. What types of information are used for hazard identification? c. Summarize the most important points about the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). d. Explain the process of registering a pesticide under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). e. Describe the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA). Is it administered by the EPA or the FDA? | ||||
| Selected Answer: Aldrin is Aldrin is an insecticide that is no longer used because of the health effects the chemical has on humans. Aldrin is a insecticide that has numerous negative health effects on humans. One negative effect is that aldrin is oncogenic, which is known to cause or give rise to tumors (Kubasek & Silverman, 2014). Aldrin will also cause major motor convulsions. Other effects include malaise, incoordination, headache, dizziness, and gastrointestinal disturbances. The seizures have developed with and without other symptoms of poisoning. Several reports have described acute intoxication, including fatalities, from ingestion. Convulsions generally began within 30 minutes and lasted for up to 7 hours (Garrettson & Curley, 1969). OSHA uses sixteen different categories on a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) to provide information on hazard identification. Aldrin was initially banned in 1974, but was allowed to be used to control termites until 1987 when the EPA banned all uses of aldrin (Agency for toxic substances & disease registry, 2011). The EPA determined that every hazardous substance will have an Environmental Health Criteria Document that provide international, critical reviews on the effects of chemicals or combinations of chemicals and physical and biological agents on human health and the environment (Environmental health criteria, 2018). The completed risk assessment will show risks to both the environment and human life. The hazard identification process is part of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. The TSCA provides the EPA with authority to require reporting, record-keeping, testing requirements and restritions relating to the chemical substances and chemical mixtures. Three significant policies were set forth at the beginning of the TSCA. Data on environmental effects of chemicals must be developed by industry, government must have adequate authority to prevent unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment, and government authority must be exercised so as to not impede unduly or create unnecessary barriers to technology while fulfilling the primary purpose of the Act. The policy statement is full of ambiguity, promoting the often conflicting goals of ensuring environmental safety and encouraging technological development (Kubasek & Silverman, 2014). There are additional laws to cover some of the excluded substances such as the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). This act requires that all pesticides undergo a registration process with the EPA. The process requires that the ingredients of the pesticide, particular site or targeted crop,details on use, storage practices and disposal practices are provided. Once this information has been supplied to the EPA it will be evaluated to determine if there are any potential human health or environmental effects that are associated with the product (United states environmental protection agency, 2017). The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA) is also administered by the EPA. FFDCA give the EPA the authority to establish limits for the amount of pesticide residue that remains on foods. The amounts are determined to be safe which means that the amount of remaining residue would provide reasonable certainty that no harm would result from exposure (Agency for toxic substances & disease registry, 2002).(Garrettson & Curley, 1969) Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK217623/(Agency for toxic substances & disease registry, 2011) Retrieved from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=56(Environmental health criteria, 2018) Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/ehc/en/(United states environmental protection agency, 2017) Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/about-pesticide-registration(Agency for toxic substances & disease registry, 2002) Retrieved from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=315&tid=56 Correct Answer: [None] Response Feedback: Essay question- for this 50 point grading rubric you scored35/35 for Content10/10 for Organization5/5 for Writing MechanicsGood work overall! Your answer is very well done. Quality is good in your answers. Good to see your work submitted here this week. Your weekly assignment is insightful, through as you covered the areas requested but not covered in depth. This week you did demonstrate adequate or proficient mastery of content, appropriate to the assignment and the relevant terminal course objectives and program learning outcomes. Many requirements of the assignment are included in the responses-thank you. |
Question 2
50 out of 50 points
| Write an essay consisting of at least 500 words addressing all of the following topics (a through e): a. Why is the pesticide dieldrin no longer used? b. Describe dose-response assessment. c. Explain how the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) regulates new chemicals through the premanufacturing notice (PMN). d. Summarize the most important points about the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). e. Describe the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). How is it different from FIFRA? | ||||
| Selected Answer: Dieldrin is no longer used for the same reasons as the pesticide aldrin. It has been known to cause convulsions or other nervous system effects and potential kidney damage in humans. It was also determined to be hazardous solid waste materials by the EPA (Agency for toxic substances & disease registry, 2002). There are also permissible exposure limits that have been set by OSHA for overall exposure to the chemical over an 8 hour work day. EPA and OSHA work together to determine information that is used for hazard identification on chemicals such as dieldrin. Initial bans were started in 1974 on dieldrin and aldrin, but they were allowed to continue use to control termites. In 1987 the EPA banned all uses of dieldrin and aldrin. The EPA uses methods like the dose-response assessment to make determinations on whether or not a pesticide or other chemical is safe to use. The process of dose-response assessment is meant to define the quantity of exposure that would theoretically increase the potential of harm to humans or animals. The assessement will deterine both the high and the low doses that could experimentally cause different levels of harm. The end results of the dose-response assessments provide valuable information lid the LD50 or ED50 for chemicals. ED50 means the effective dose for 50 percent of the test subjects while LD50 means the lethal dose for 50 percent of the test subjects (Cornell university, 1993). The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) helps to regulate some of these new chemicals with the premanufacturing notice (PMN). On a PMN the EPA requires data for new chemicals on chemical identity, production volume, byproducts, uses, environmental release, disposal practices and human exposure. In addition to the these elements the existing health and environmental data of the submitter, parent company, or affiliates as well as a description of any existing data known to the submitter for the chemical must be included with the PMN. This information is then used by the EPA to make a determination on whether or not the chemical can be used or if the risks created from being potentially exposed are too great to approve the chemical for use. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) also plays a very important role in chemcial improvement, compliance and regualatory enforcement. FIFRA helps to define what is unreasonable adverse effects on the environment so that people can understand unreasonable risk to make. FIFRa points out the social, economic, and environmental costs versus the benefits of using any pesticide. It also helps to come to a complete understanding on any human dietary risks that may arise from the residual pesticide in or on food. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) differs from FIFRA in a few aspects. It is meant to standardize the used of pesticides on or in food to provide more of a health-based standard, The end goal of both the FIFRA and FQPA are to protect humans and animals form the potential exposure they may face from the use or consumption of pesticides.(Agency for toxic substances & disease registry, 2002) Retrieved from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=315&tid=56(Cornell university, 1993) Retrieved from: http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/TIB/dose-response.html |
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