HISTORICAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORIES
LEADINGIn the 19th century leaders starting making change, and contributions to better the organizations of jails and prisons. Some of the early leaders were Alexander Moaconochie, Elam Lynd’s, John Howard, Zebulon Reed Brockway, and Dorothea Lynde Dix. George Beto, Mary Belle Harris, and Katharine Bemont Davis were three individuals that were famous in the 20th century who were correctional reformers. New ideas were brought forth by leaders who were reform-minded and wanted to look into improving jail and prison organizations in the 20th century. Leading is when someone obtains respect for other individuals and oneself and has the strength to handle what one needs to handle. Leaders can make decisions on different situations quickly at times. A leader provides direction, instruction, and guidance to individuals in order to obtain a goal or result. Leaders do not follow other individuals; leaders lead individuals.
NameDateCJA444Instructor Name
ORGANIZINGClassical Organization theory introduced -1930’sNeoclassical Organization Theory– 1945-1950’sHuman Resource Theory– 1957Modern School Organization Theory– The second half of the 20th century, after World War IIOrganizational Economics Theory– For the most part of the second half of the 20th centuryPower and Politics Organization Theory– The 1970’s and still going todayTheories of Organizational Culture and Change– There some early text in the 1950’s-1960’s, but did not obtain infamy until the 1980’sTheories of Organizations and Environments- Started to take over organizational theory in 1966-1967Adam Smith (1776) the division of labor- First concept of bureaucracy in basic leadershipKarl Marx (1870’s) industrial revolutionHenry Ford (1908) “Fordism” the mass assembly lineFredrick W. Taylor (1911) “Taylorism” scientific managementHenri Fayol (1916) theory of administrationMax Weber (1920/1922) bureaucratic theory- Mary Parker Folletts (1924) observations on organizations and management Elton Mayo (1932) the Hawthorne studiesAugust Vollmer (1936) called the father of modern police often, made public a more progressed idea called police of modern societyJohn Maynard Keynes (1936) the general theory of employment, money, and interestMax Weber (1920) Bureaucratic Theory. Prezi, 2014.Chester I. Barnard (1938) the functions of the executiveAbraham Maslow (1946) organization developmentDavid McClelland (1950s) needs theoryFredrick Herzberg (1968) motivational theoryJames Q. Wilson (1968) varieties of police behaviorRobert Kaplan (1990’s) management accounting Peter F. Drucker (1995) management guru, father of modern managementStewart Clegg (2009) modern organizations
DECIDING There are three components to the decision making process that include a choice, a thought, and a purpose. Choice is when a manager takes into consideration of alternatives and options. Thought is a manager’s mental process (as Massie calls it). A purpose is when a manager makes the determination of goals, missions, objectives, and states end. Joseph L. Massie- 1987
EVALUATING Roy McLaren (1977) and Orlando Wilson counseled with nine categories in police evaluations that include: 1) Observance of work hours 2) grooming and dress 3) attendance 4) safety practices 5) compliance with the rules 6) knowledge of one’s work requirements 7) suspect contacts 8) public contacts 9) employee contacts
STAFFING
Henry Mintzberg 1979
Henry’s contribution to the organizational theory included his organizational configurations model. Based on that model, he concluded that any organization can have a maximum of six levels of staff. Originally there were only five and the sixth was added on later. Strategic Apex- the top managementMiddle Line- middle management and supervisorsOperating Core- operations and operational processesTechno- structure- specialists in the technology fieldSupport Staff- personal who deal with internal mattersIdeology- personal dealing with cultural effects
TRAININGTraining is an essential part to any organization, and those that are leading the organization, department, or team have a moral and fiscal responsibility to insure that their staffing is well trained in their job or duties. The age old saying goes…”your only as good as your weakest link.” It is the leaders duty to ensure that the weakest link is anything but weak. In today’s society training can surround a number of things from book, class, hands on, and technological training. Training builds familiarity and unity amongst the mass, and ultimately effects the bottom line of any organization.
ALLOCATINGAnother essential role in leadership is the ability to allocate, which is essentially the ability to know how to use your resources and assign them tasks. In the criminal justice organizations in particular this is vitally important, because if you are in-effective in this then you will fall short in being an optimal department. Officers also become increasingly confined to their vehicles and isolated from the community. (Scheider, et. al, 2009) this is a prime example to where we have to examine the best route to allocate our resources, and thus where community policing became a impacting resources amongst other things. In supervising we have to be able to recognize the resources and find the best routes in which to allocate them.
REPORTINGReporting is one of the key forms of accountability. This is not the only reasoning for reports anymore, though. Reports have become the way that the public receives information from police officers and from the criminal justice system. 1960’s- St. Louis installs the first computer assisted dispatching system which opened up law enforcement to the advancements of technology1970’s- The United States begins to install computers in every police department across the nation and hand written reports become a thing of the past. Typed reports are the new future and they are easier to make, store, and access.
REFERENCE
Prezi. 2014. Learn and Support. http://prezi.com/wfgelgohl_le/historical-criminal-justice-theories-team-b/Scheider, M.C., Chapman R., Scharpiro, A. (2009). Towards the Uniform of Policing Innovations Under Community Policing. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 32 Iss: 4, pp. 694 – 718Shafritz, J. M., Ott, S. J., & Jang, Y. S. (2011). Classics of Organizational Theory (7th Ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth http://www.doreburry.com/papers/Analysis_of_Org_Theories_Read_Disclaimer.pdf
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