PSY 350 Week 3 Assignment: Final Paper Annotated Outline on PTSD

Final Paper Annotated Outline on PTSD

PSY350: Physiological Psychology (PSF1933A)

Final Paper Annotated Outline on PTSD

II.Discussion

1. Introduction
   • Here, identify the neuropsychological disorder using current terminology.
   • The basic element of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the enlargement of characteristic side effects following the exposure to at least one of more traumatic events or incidents. Emotional responses to the traumatic accident such as dread, helplessness, and horror are never again a piece of Criterion A. The clinical introduction of PTSD shifts. In certain people, dread based re-encountering, emotional, and conduct indications may prevail. In others, anhedonic or dysphoric mind-set states and negative discernments might be generally troubling. In some different people, excitement and responsive externalizing manifestations are conspicuous, while in others, dissociative side effects prevail. Additionally, a few people show mixes of these side effect designs (APA, 2013).
   • Define the type of disorder it is.
   • Studies have shown that PTSD should now be labeled as a Neuropsychological disorder. Various investigations demonstrate that introduction to a traumatic encounter drives the body to making changes in the cerebrum structure. The deficits that are seen in subjects with a PTSD diagnosis are indications of neurological character. In PTSD these neuropsychological adjustments brought about by antagonistic experience lead to an incredible emotional, physical and social decay and, subsequently, the patient’s way of life, conduct and social articulation are altered specifically in various ways also. The qualities of the neuropsychological issue are connected to the signs of the traumatic event, which influence a few factors such as the intensity of the disorder and prevalence of the disorder (Biomedical Research, 2017).
   • Diagnostic Criteria
   • Here, identify what components must be present for the disorder to be diagnosed?
   • To diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder a specialist will probably provide and perform a physical test to check for medical issues that might cause symptoms. The specialist will probably then do a physiological assessment that incorporates a discourse of signs and side effects the individual might be experiencing and the occasion or occasions that led up to them. Ultimately, the specialist will utilize the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), distributed by the American Psychiatric Association so as to know whether the individual ought to be determined as having PTSD. Diagnosis of PTSD expects introduction to an occasion that included death or conceivable risk of death, violence or serious damage. Introduction of PTSD can occur in at least one of these ways: You straightforwardly encountered the traumatic event; You saw, face to face, others experiencing the traumatic event; You learned somebody near you encountered or was compromised by the traumatic event; You are over and over presented to realistic details of traumatic events, for example, in the event that you are a first responder on call for the location of traumatic events (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
   • Briefly identify physical and psychological signs and symptoms.
   • After researching the signs and symptoms of PTSD I have uncovered quite a few. Emotional & psychological symptoms of PTSD that I discovered include shock, denial, or disbelief; confusion, difficulty concentrating; anger, irritability, mood swings; anxiety and fear; guilt, shame, self-blame; withdrawing from others; feeling sad or hopeless; and feeling disconnected or numb. Physical symptoms of PTSD that I have discovered include insomnia or nightmares; fatigue; being frightened easily; finding it hard to concentrate; having a racing heartbeat; always on edge and agitated; constant aches and pains; and having constant tension in muscles (Help Guide, 2019).
   • Reasons for Choosing Topic
   • To be honest about the reason that I chose Post-traumatic stress disorder for my paper is because of my father. My father was enlisted in the Army during the Vietnam war and was exposed to Asian orange chemical twice. He was diagnosed with PTSD and I am doing this paper on the topic because I want to gain a better understanding about the disorder, the signs, the symptoms, its effect on the individuals that suffer from the disorder, and what things can be done as treatment

   A.Detailed Description of Disorder

   B.Description of Natural History of Disorder

   1. Signs & Symptoms
      • PTSD is diagnosed after an individual encounters side effects for a minimum of one month following a traumatic event. Yet, indications may not show up until months or even years after the traumatic event took place. PTSD is described by three fundamental sorts of symptoms: Re-encountering the traumatic event through unwanted troubling memories of the occasion through flashbacks, and bad dreams; emotional numbness and evasion of locations, individuals, and activities that are reminders of the traumatic event; and increased excitement such as trouble resting and focusing, feeling unsteady, and being quick to become disturbed and maddened (ADAA, 2018).
      • Epidemiology
      • PTSD is more common than we realize. In the whole populace, an expected 6.8% of Americans will encounter PTSD sooner or later in their lives. Ladies (9.7%) are more than over two and a half times as likely as men (3.6%) to be stricken with PTSD. About 3.6% of U.S. grown-ups (5.2 million individuals) have PTSD over the span of a given year. This is just a small part of the individuals who have encountered at least one traumatic event. In individuals who have encountered an awful event, about 8% of men and 20% of ladies develop PTSD after a trauma and generally 30% of these people build up a ceaseless form of PTSD that proceeds all through their lifetime. The traumatic events regularly connected with PTSD for men are rape, exposure to combat, neglected as a child, and physical child abuse. The most horrible accidents for women are rape, sexual molestation, physical assault, being threatened with a weapon, and physical child abuse (US Department of Veteran Affairs, 2019).
      • Subtypes of the disorder
      • The symptoms for PTSD can be incredibly troubling. Since the symptoms cause such a lot of stress on the individual, numerous with PTSD will be not able adapt and go to medications or alcohol as a way to escape their issues. Therefore, 52 percent of guys and 28 percent of females with PTSD meet the lifetime criteria for alcohol abuse and dependency, as indicated by discoveries on post-traumatic stress disorder the National Comorbidity Survey, distributed in 1995 in the Archives of General Psychiatry. With regards to medication misuse, insights from a similar report demonstrate that 35 percent of men and 27 percent of ladies with PTSD meet the criteria (Foundations Recovery Network, 2019).

   E.Other Causes

   1. You can treat PTSD by tending to the thoughts and physical responses that are occurring in your brain and body. The most utilized methods for treatment of PTSD are therapy, support groups, medication(s), and making lifestyle changes. These various methods enable an individual to return to the point that they can re-figure out how to be around what alarms them and not respond with fear, basically retraining their thoughts and physical responses (Mental Health America, 2019).
      • As indicated by the American Psychological Association, females are twice as liable to develop PTSD, experience a more drawn out term of post-traumatic side effects and show greater sensitivity to stimuli that help them to remember the injury. When PTSD side effects are left untreated it can have extraordinary mental well-being implications which can prompt physical health problems also, including headache pains, stomach issues and sexual dysfunction (APA, 2013).
      • To diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder a specialist will probably provide and perform a physical test to check for medical issues that might cause symptoms. The specialist will probably then do a physiological assessment that incorporates a discourse of signs and side effects the individual might be experiencing and the occasion or occasions that led up to them. Ultimately, the specialist will utilize the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), distributed by the American Psychiatric Association to know whether the individual ought to be determined as having PTSD (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
      • The most utilized methods for treatment of PTSD are therapy, support groups, medication(s), and making lifestyle changes. These various methods enable an individual to return to the point that they can re-figure out how to be around what alarms them and NOT respond with fear, basically retraining their thoughts and physical responses (Mental Health America, 2019).
      • Risk Factors
      • Utilizing genome-wide genomic information, research has demonstrated that among European American females, 29% of the hazard for creating PTSD is affected by hereditary components, which is practically identical to that of other mental issue. Interestingly, men’s hereditary hazard for PTSD was significantly lower. The scientists discovered solid proof that individuals with higher hereditary hazard for a few mental issue—including schizophrenia, and to a lesser degree bipolar and major depressive disorder are additionally at higher hereditary hazard for developing PTSD after a traumatic type event (Harvard Chan School of Public Health, 2017).
      • The suspicion that PTSD-related traumatic events are irregular marvels is unsupported. Among youthful grown-ups, those with less training, blacks, and those with high neuroticism and extroversion scores are almost certain than others to be presented to traumatic mishaps and are in this manner at more serious risk for PTSD (Breslau, Davis & Andreski, 1995).

   F.Nervous System Structures and/or Pathways Involved

   1. After having done research on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, I have yet to discover any other causes other than traumatic events.

   G.Current Treatment Options

   1. Indication repeat and escalation may happen because of reminders of the first trauma, progressing life stressors, or recently experienced horrendous mishaps. For more older people, declining well-being, intensifying cognitive functions, and social confinement may intensify PTSD symptoms (APA, 2013).
      • People who relentlessly continue to encounter PTSD into older adulthood may express less indications of hyperarousal, avoidance, and pessimistic cognition and mood contrasted with more youthful adults with PTSD, in spite of the fact that adults that are exposed to trauma events later in life may show more evasion, hyperarousal, sleep issues, and crying spells than do more youthful adults presented to the equivalent trauma events. In more older people, the disorder is related with negative well-being observations, primary care use, and ideas of suicide (APA, 2013).

   G.Future Areas of Research

   1. Drug Therapy
      • In 2004, the American Psychiatric Association distributed practice rules for patients with acute stress disorder and PTSD. These rules recognize selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline, paroxetine, and off-label fluoxetine as the medications of choice for patients with PTSD, for various reasons. They improve every one of the three PTSD indication bunches (re-encountering, evasion, and hyperarousal); they are viable for mental issue that much of the time happen with PTSD such as sadness, social fear, and obsessive-compulsive disorder; and they may lessen clinical symptoms such as suicidal, impulsive, and forceful behaviors that frequently complicate the administration of PTSD. Likewise, SSRIs are related with the less side effects (Alexander, 2012).
      • Non-pharmaceutical therapy
      • Specialists and other psychological well-being experts utilize different viable techniques to help individuals recoup from PTSD. Cognitive Processing Therapy centers around altering difficult negative feelings, (e.g., disgrace and guilt) and convictions, (e.g., “I have failed”; “the world is hazardous”) because of the trauma. Therapists help the individual face such upsetting recollections and feelings. Prolonged Exposure Therapy uses rehashed, detailed envisioning of the trauma or dynamic exposures to side effect “triggers” in a protected, controlled manner to enable an individual to face and deal with dread and misery and figure out how to adapt. For instance, computer generated reality programs have been utilized to help war veterans with PTSD re-experience the war zone in a controlled, restorative manner (American Psychiatric Association, 2019).
      • There are a few unique approaches that can be taken with regards to PTSD care providers when it comes to Veterans. PTSD experts furnish customary outpatient care to Veterans with PTSD in almost every medical center around the U.S. Likewise, unique residential (live-in) or inpatient care programs found in nearly every area of the U.S. help Veterans with serious PTSD symptoms who experience difficulty doing typical everyday exercises such as going to work. Also available are outpatient clinics (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2019).

   References

   1. Future Treatment
      • Future bearings in PTSD treatment research incorporate recognizing approaches to upgrade compelling treatments including among specific populaces (e.g., military), further assessment of treatments that are “suggested” as opposed to “strongly suggested”, keeping people occupied with treatment (i.e., decreasing dropout), and deciding individual elements foreseeing reaction/non-reaction. One potential future direction is medicine upgraded psychotherapy for PTSD. Medications could possibly reinforce learning and memory, hinder fear, and encourage therapeutic commitment. Non-pharmacological improvement of treatment is likewise being investigated, such as rTMS, work out, and other cognitive preparing. Another potential road to build commitment and decrease dropout is through utilization of escalated treatment programs, in which patients go to massed different sessions inside a brief timeframe (e.g., one or 2 weeks) rather than week after week sessions spread out over several months (Watkins, Sprang & Rothbaum, 2018).
      • Future Diagnosis
      • Biomarkers are quantifiable markers of wellbeing and sickness. A recent report by analysts at VA’s National Center for PTSD, the VA Boston Healthcare System, and the Boston University Healthcare System identified a gene called SKA2 that could possibly be utilized as a biomarker to help foresee, before deployments, which service members might be more in danger to develop extreme PTSD as the consequence of a high lifetime weight of stress and consequent combat exposures. The research group accentuates that more research is likely necessary to better comprehend the affiliations they saw between SKA2 status, cortical thickness, and PTSD seriousness. Regardless, they recommend that later on it might be conceivable to utilize hereditary blood tests to help survey the vulnerability of administration individuals for battle related PTSD (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2018).
      • Future Etiology
      • Research on the aversion of PTSD would profit by an increasingly explicit fuse of hypothetical records of PTSD into mediation improvement and testing. In addition, a large assortment of research in the zones of contemporary learning theory, data preparing, thought and emotion guideline, PTSD treatment, and psychobiology supports the advancement and testing of a few such programs. Testing these kinds of projects, in mix with proceeded with research on risk and resilience identified with post-traumatic stress, risk identification, and prevention program execution likely will propel the territory of PTSD prevention action just as our comprehension of the variables that outcome in post-traumatic stress issues (Feldner, Monson & Friedman, 2007).
      • Conclusion
      • In conclusion, post-traumatic stress disorder is a complex a possibly exceptionally impairing and enduring disorder where the past is constantly present in individuals present by the fear solidified in memory of the awful event. In any case, PTSD additionally speaks to an opportunity for mental, physical and spiritual development because of the human capacity to adjust and flourish regardless of encountering misfortune and traumatic events. Trauma related issues are regular among the overall public, and such issues can influence physical and mental functions as well as utilization of health care services. Although a scope of methods both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical have been utilized for the administration of PTSD, results so far have been blended and there stays a pressing requirement for further looking into. Numerous patients don’t accomplish full side effect reduction with mental intercessions and different preliminaries of medicines are regularly expected to find out which medication treatment best suits an individual patient.

   Alexander W. (2012). Pharmacotherapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Combat Veterans: Focus on Antidepressants and Atypical Antipsychotic Agents. P & T: a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 37(1), 32–38.

   Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2018). Symptoms of PTSD. Retrieved from https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/symptoms

   American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Section II: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Retrieved from https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm07

   American Psychiatric Association. (2019). What Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd

   Biomedical Research. (2017). Neuropsychological abnormalities in patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder 28 (6): 2609-2616. Retrieved from http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/neuropsychological-abnormalities-in-patients-diagnosed-with-posttraumatic-stress-disorder.pdf

   Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1995). Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: A prospective analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(4), 529-535.

   Feldner, M., Monson, C. & Friedman, M. (2007). A Critical Analysis of Approaches to Targeted: PTSD Prevention Current Status and Theoretically Derived Future Directions, 31(1), 80-116

   Foundation Recovery Network. (2019). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Addiction. Retrieved from https://www.dualdiagnosis.org/mental-health-and-addiction/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-and-addiction/

   Harvard Chan School of Public Health. (2017). Study Finds First Molecular Genetic Evidence of PTSD Heritability. Retrieved from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/molecular-genetic-evidence-ptsd-heritability/

   Help Guide. (2019). Emotional and Psychological Trauma: Healing from Trauma and Moving On. Retrieved from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/coping-with-emotional-and-psychological-trauma.htm

   Mayo Clinic. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355973

   Mental Health America. (2019). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

   US Department of Veteran Affairs. (2019). What is PTSD?. Retrieved from https://www.mirecc.va.gov/cih-visn2/Documents/Patient_Education_Handouts/Handout_What_is_PTSD.pdf

   U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. (2019). PTSD Treatment. Retrieved from https://www.va.gov/health-care/health-needs-conditions/mental-health/ptsd/

   U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. (2018). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Retrieved from https://www.research.va.gov/topics/ptsd.cfm

   Watkins, L., Sprang, K., & Rothbaum, B. (2018). Treating PTSD: A Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 12:258. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258/full